hmmm really depends you know
if it was in MANDO, i just might watch it! cause i'm so friggin bored.
but then but then when i was younger i used to love watching heaps of jap dramas! except now i gave up xDD i also don't really know why, bleah =P

hmmmmmm T_T where did diana disappear to? I MISS DIANA ALREADY T_T ahhhhhhhh.

grats jess on getting a new monitor! take a photo and post on blog, let's see let's see xDD HAHAHAHAHA.
oh, i didn't even bring ANY books home, seriously, except my health book. my maths, history and geo textbooks are all in school. bleah.
i gave up trying to do the polynomials exercise. doesn't make sense, mehhhhh T_T so yes, left my maths textbook at school xDD
and LOL!!! get douglas to come read our blog?! you're definitely joking =P apart from your more sane posts, the other posts are all rather insane XP hahahahaha.

i can't wait for thursday! and i doubt i'll be buying a dress just yet, my mum was like nagging and telling me not to go rush and buy a dress, and must wait for her to approve first, LOL. xDD

Well..I'm sorry if you don't like watching canto dramas Elaine...

...YAY Pansy with new haircut and fringe?! Promise I won't laugh...I'll just be touching it and commenting on how "GOOD" it looks...please don't hit me when you see me on Thursday..

Hey...Diana hasn't posted for ages...Diana's going right?? What about Erin and Mei-sze??

Hehe...Jenny and I will just tag along when you girls go formal shopping in the city.

OMG...today I bought a new computer monitor and it's weird...not exactly use to it but o wells..

Practically did nothing during the holidays. I said that I'll do some studying but can't be bothered right now...haven't even done maths homework or started reading the books that Mr Douglas gave me...~meh

But at least I wrote something about Speech of Silence and Moonlight Resonance. He can just come and read it you know...the blog is my so-called "learning log."

Anywho...the new Asian dramas totally SUCK! They've got like this GAY storyline...

Hey...btw my dad might drive me to the city like always and then I'll meet you girls at CAPITOL??
...and while I wait for you girls to come...I'll try to get a tofu soft toy keyring thingy..

jess, you realise all the dramas you're promoting are in CANTO and i speak MANDO?
so it's unfair to condemn me for not watching the dramas you like, simply because I DON'T UNDERSTAND CANTO, and YOU can't be bothered to teach me =P

LOL pansy!!
ok, i promise i won't say weird. can i say CUTE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! instead? xDDDD
AHH, I CAN'T WAIT I CAN'T WAIT I CAN'T WAIT TO SEE HOW YOU LOOK!!!
*bounces up and down excitedly*

btw, anyone know what's happening, ie how we're going to get there? are we all going to meet at epping station or something?

bored. i totally did nothing today. and you know, reading that book is really hard. T_T it's so hard to understand some stuff, but oh well, it's kind of interesting.

oh no!.. today i was at the city with a few peoples.
and it was so borin that you could kill yourself.
not going into further detail cos u'll get bored too.. we basically.. walked, walked, walked, eat, walked - so forth.

and i got a haircut. so im kinda wishin that i wont be seeing you guys on thurs, i have a feeling everyones gonna make a huge fuss over it.
"omg! pansy! you look SOO weird" / "is that you Pansy?!, You look soo weird" / "i cant get used to you, you look too weird!"

yup, that's right people. i look weird because i now have a fringe covering my forehead.!
-mumbles to self- =.=''

oh and a note to jess - please do not advertise on the blog, if yuu do, yuu better hope we're getting paid.

jokes.

[x3]

Btw...if you don't trust me that the drama is good...it's English name is "Speech of Silence" and Chinese name is 甜言蜜語...starring Kate Tsui and Kenneth Ma (KK).

Apparently, Kate won the "Most Improved Actress Award" last year and so TVB is strongly promoting her this year...it is very likely that she will get another award this year. She was a villain in Moonlight Resonance but she was really good all the way through...SHE CAN CRY...NATURALLY! Btw..there's an upcoming series called "The Four Constables" and Kate's going to be leading female actress with Selena Li...and she's gonna fall in love with Raymond Lam...and they're gonna KISS!!!

And...Kenneth...TVB is also strongly promoting him as leading male actor this year as well...hopefully he'll get an award too. He was leading male actor in "Survivor's Law II" and was paired up will Ella Koon. If you have time, maybe you should go watch that too.

WATCH SPEECH OF SILENCE...

yay, revive blog

HOLIDAYS ARE SOO BORING.
and it's only the 2nd day. oh well. I WANT SCHOOL AGAIN. school without homework/exams/test, just to learn, meet new ppl, make friends. AHH, ULTIMATE PARADISE =]

yes yes, i know i'm a nerd. T_T

so...we finally reached the end of term 3...sigh what a term!

...Mr Doug is making me read books...i'm gonna go crazy..reading books during the holidays...JESS CHEN NEVER DID THAT B4!

...meh

ok...currently in IST wif pansy, grace and jess... and watching dramas on mysoju
YES WE ARE AKA PANSY AND GRACE ARE WATCHING FRIENDS . :DD

AND I FINALLY POSTED ON THIS BLOG BCOZ IM COOL ENOUGH
OH THATS RIGHT
JESS IS GLARING AT THE SCREEN

SHES JEALOUS OF MY COOLNESS
SHE HASN'T BLINKED FOR 6 YEARS.

nah, i cant be bothered to do maths homework.

besides, i left my maths book in my locker, and im gonna forget to bring it the next day..
so yeh..

[x3]

i hate the friggin turramurra people...gee man swore in front of my face those gaybos.

hmph...i can't believe that kevin broke up with niki coz of charmaine! ergghh...hope they gte back together...so kyoote

YAY...watching second last ep of moonlight resonance tonite..SO GOOD

elaine...pansy...erin...dun even bother doing the friggin maths hw...she's not gonna check homework on the LAST DAY...

noooooooooooo
ahhhh what is wrong with ms young T_T

bleah bleah bleah! ><" noooooooooo i dont want to do so much work ><"

oh yay.!

im so glad that the trials are over... but,
after worrying about not knowing any questions we would now be worrying about
whether we answered the questions correctly..

oh no!!... i'm scaring myself... T_T
[happy thoughts]

sigh.. we'll take out our anger on the school we're versing for sport tomoz.

-anyone doing that optus iphone competition.. the one with shakespeare views or whatever..
if yuu need ideas, i have some!!

>.<

[x3]

i just realised that elaine typed up somefing to do with land and water management..

WHY DIDN'T I READ HER ESSAY?!

WHY AM I SO DUMB?!

...comparing her response to mine, i'll be surprised if i even get Band 3

ELAINE EVEN THOUGH THE TRIALS ARE OVER...THERE IS TILL STUFF 2 WORRY ABOUT. ...obviously, u passed everything and most probs got a BAND 6 for everything...but as 4 me u noe i'm like not naturally smart..i say more like naturally DUMB!

U have no idea how i sucked at geo...i practically made up everything that i wrote and 4 the history extended response i didn't even write anything on the policy of integration. And u noe how Ms Reynolds said that she was a harsh marker...that kinda freaks me out coz she might give me a bad mark.

O well..farout the grandma died yesterday on Moonlight Resonance and i missed it! Seriously man...all you guys should watch Moonlight it is like SO good...way better than Heart of Greed...even though it doesn't have a lot of lovey dovey scenes...IT'S STILL SO GOOD. It reached peak points of 41...like a real record for TVB dramas..and it also teached real life lessons..so people when you do watch it LEARN SOME REAL LIFE LESSONS...I GUARANTEE THAT IT'LL HELP U CHERISH LIFE MORE...but of course finish wathcing Speech of Silence first. And...just to make it clear Speech of Silence is still my favourite chinese series.

OMG i haven't even done maths homework and ms young always picks on me now. U noe she use to pick on Nara and Jenny coz they use to sit there..and now she's picking on me and erin...particularly me coz i have a feeling she doesn't like me...even my 'digesting' technique doesn't work anymore. Luckily...i've got smart smart erin sitting next to me and providing me wif the answers. THANKYOU SO MUCH ERIN!

omg...this blog is gonna become lively again and YAY!

dude, this blog is dying...

and we all kno why,

school. yup that's right..
this disease can seperate into different types of categories like...

- exams [school cert]
- homework

lol, let's save it!

[x3]

for the past 10 seconds, i've resorted to hopelessly refreshing blog page, so we get more visitor counts. LOL
it's on the front page. so far, we have 14 visits... all from me, HAHAHAHAH xD

Nature
- waste is material that has been left over after goods and services have been produced or thrown away by ppl
- cannot be reused or recycled
- 3 kinds of waste – solid, liquid and gaseous
- solid waste
o disposed in landfills
o can also be incinerated, composted, recycled or dumped at sea
o incineration: kills germs and produces heat that can be used commercially, converts poisons into harmless gases, residue of ash can be used in road base, but high cost
o composting: organic waste is shred and mixed with sewage sludge
o recycling: primary recycling turns waste into products of the same type, and secondary recycling converts waste into entirely new products
o landfills: sanitary landfills lined with compacted clay and sheets of plastic
- liquid waste
o comes from general sources and point sources
o can include water from cooling towers, chemicals, acids and alkalis, solvents, pains, oil, grease, animal waste, domestic sewage and radioactive liquid waste
- gaseous waste
o gases emitted to the air and cause major pollution

Impacts
- air pollution from incineration, releasing dioxins, mercury and lead into atmosphere
- smoke from fires, toxic runoff after rain, dust and litter blown by wind caused huge environmental damage around landfills
- traffic, noise and dust in landfill area
- contamination of the soil and groundwater under the landfill from leakage at bottom of landfill
- methane gas produced contributes to greenhouse gas emissions
- liquid wastes can pollute water sources – when heavy rain overloads system or plants malfunction, untreated raw sewage can flow directly into rivers or ocean
- gaseous wastes cause the greenhouse effect, depletion of ozone layer and lead and air pollution

Responses by individuals, groups and governments to the issue
- individuals make decision about consumption, recycling and reusing
- local governments make decisions about waste removal, community health conditions and recycling schemes
- state government make decisions about toxic waste dumps, air and water quality and waste disposal methods
- federal government makes decisions about greenhouse gas emissions, large industrial developments and international trade in toxic wastes
- e.g. many councils now have separate recycling facilities and they’ve introduced green bins
- e.g. many people now recycle 50% of waste
- e.g. use of sanitary landfills
o dug on geological stable sites, lined with clay and sheets of plastic
o waste is compacted and disinfected
o covered with earth and recycled compost everyday, and then covered with clay to seal garbage
o little pollution, odour, rodent, or insect problems
o quick and cheap, and site can be reused

sorry there aren't as many notes on waste management. the syllabus specified that TWO geographical issues needed to be studied. so yeah.. hmm and i think (not for trials though) for SC we need to study our fieldwork essay as well, cause it JUST may come out. supposedly in SC they can ask you a question about fieldwork and then you'll have to write an essay about the process and stuff.
hopefully all this is helpful! i know it's definitely helpful with my learning, summarising all this stuff =]

Geographical issue: Land and Water Management

Nature:
- focused on meeting the needs of ppl; ignore benefits provided by earth and living systems
- growing appreciation of the impt contribution ecosystems play
- Aboriginal ppl hunted to extinction many species of animals
- Aboriginal use of fire transformed continent’s vegetation pattern
- early European settles didn’t take into account Australia’s ancient, fragile soils and unreliable rainfall
- imposed agricultural system by clearing forests and woodlands
- drought of threat was combated by dam building; focus on increasing supply rather than managing supply more carefully
- belief that environment was there to serve needs of ppl – used and exploited
- now more farmers are adopting farm management practices that promote sustainable use of land and which minimise land degradation
o limiting stock rates
o reducing amount of tillage required
o planting trees and shrubs for windbreaks
o managing the use of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides
o excluding stock from areas prone to land degradation
o placing watering points where land degradation will be minimised
o rotating crops
o fencing off areas of natural vegetation
o mulching or retaining stubble of crops
- total catchment management: identify sources of pollutants which are intercepted and treated before they reach catchment waterways
- water is used for agriculture, industry and mining, energy production, domestic supplies, recreation and waste disposal

Impacts:
- land degradation
o any change in land that reduces its existing or potential productivity
o wind and water erosion
o dryland salinity
o irrigation salinity
o soil-structure decline
o loss of native trees and shrubs
o clearing of natural vegetation
o replacement of natural vegetation with pasture
o soil acidification
o overgrazing
- land clearing
o provide land for agriculture and create wood products
o causes rising water tables, dryland salinity, waterlogging, soil erosion and a decline in water quality
- water erosion
o removal of particles by heavy rainfall and running water
o sheet erosion, rill erosion and gully erosion
o cause silt to be built up in dams, shortening their life
o eroded material washed into river systems clogs channels and increases turbidity
- salinity
o primary and secondary
o threatens resource base of rural industries
o indicators are seeps and scalds
o seepage of groundwater into rivers has increased salinity, polluting the major source of water for domestic and irrigation uses
- introduced species
o compete with native plants and animals for food and space
o cause land degradation
- reduced river flow: water used reduces amt of water available to support aquatic ecosystems
- changes in seasonal flows, temperature change
- disruptions to migratory patterns: dam walls prevent fish from moving upstream to breed
- siltation: resulting from land clearing, destroys habitats
- pollution and overfishing results in decrease in biodiversity of aquatic systems

Responses by individuals, groups and governments to the issue:
- individuals, groups and government are working together to combat land degradation
o work coordinated by National Landcare Program; has assisted hundreds of community-based groups to tackle local problems and bring about improvements to land and water resources
- total catchment management programme
- farmers have used strategies to reduce soil erosion
o minimising length of time soil is left bare
o maintaining plant cover
o eliminating pests
o using contour banks across slopes
o ploughing across slopes
o planting trees to form windbreaks
- steps to stop salinity are pumping and draining, and the planting of deep rooted vegetation
- use of fencing, trapping, poisoning and shooting to control feral animals
- poisoning, ploughing and burning are used to control weed infestations
- biological control is also used: introducing something that will kill introduced species + immunocontraception
- improving of water quality by
o protecting vegetation on stream’s river bank
o ploughing across slopes
o taking care when applying fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides
o controlling where stock drink from river
o washing cars on lawn
o never pouring toxic substances or oil down stormwater drains
o using straw and plastic barriers to trap silt from construction sites

Success of individuals, groups and levels of government in managing the issue:
- community-based groups that aim to remedy environmental degradation
- conserving and preserving environment
- Landcare Australia
o tackle land degradation
o promote efficient and sustainable management of the country’s natural resources for the benefit of all
o funding for community-based Landcare groups and the running of land management courses for landholders
o integrated approach to sustainable management of land, water and vegetation
- Greening Australia
o community-based, non-government
o achieve sustainable land management by planting trees and conserving existing vegetation
o more than 1340 community groups and over 200 local councils
o funding derived from gov grants, private-sector sponsorship, membership fees and product sales
- National Waterwatch Program
o community-based water-management programs
o NSW Streamwatch
o foster environmental awareness and recognition that we all have responsibility for protecting quality of water in catchment
- Bushcare groups
o land protection and rehabilitation of remnant bushland
- Coastcare
o community-based program established by federal government
o provides opportunities for residents, volunteers, businesses and interest groups to participate in coastal management
o activities include rehabilitating and protecting sand dunes, estuaries and wetlands; controlling feral animals and weeds; monitoring coastal environments and implementing management plans; ensuring recreational activities and tourism activities are sustainable and educating community

Responsibility of government to the issue:
- develop strategies to make use of resources while minimising impact on environment
- use of principles of sustainable development
o evaluate environmental impact of strategy: consider environmental impact, and modify proposed strategy or development if likely to have adverse impact on environment
o take into account both short-term and long-term impacts: economic, environmental and social impacts of strategy or proposal; determine whether proposed management can be continued into future without degrading physical environment
o apply precautionary principle: prevent possible incidents of environmental damage
o consider global dimension: consider whether strategy or proposal will contribute to global environmental concerns e.g. climate change
o promote community involvement: involve key stakeholders in decision-making processes to commit them to a particular strategy or development

Social Justice and Equity:
- should contribute to a better quality of life for all people
o in the interest of all people that resources are maintained at highest possible standard
- people should have access to these resources on an equitable basis
- intragenerational equity: fairness in the treatment of different members of same generation
- intergenerational equality: right of future generations to inherit a world capable of providing a level of well-being no less than that experienced by the current generation
- compensation to ppl when management strategies impact their livelihood

this is in accordance with the requirements of the syllabus. so hopefully it's more helpful than me merely typing up notes.. it's harder work for me, because i have to flip through textbook and categorize stuff, but i learn more this way as well

also, i've typed up my extended response which got full marks. the essay kind of summarises the notes i have so far... and yeah, gives a gauge of how much we all need to know

the question is:
Select ONE geographical issue affecting Australian enviroments and outline its impacts. Evaluate the success of individuals, groups and levels of government in managing this issue.

my response:

In the issue of land and water management, there are many impacts on the Australian environment, including land degradation, soil erosion, salinity, pollution of water catchments, siltation and reduced river flow. Many of these impacts, due to poor land and water management strategies have caused negative repercussions on the Australian environment. However, presently many individuals, groups and levels of government are working together to manage the issue of land and water use.

Land degradation is any change in the land that reduces its existing or potential productivity, and occurs whenever the natural balance in the landscape is changed by human activity, through miseuse or overuse. One example of land degradation is salitiny - both dryland and irrigation. It occurs when salt that is stored in the soil or groundwater is mobilised by extra water, provided indirectly by land clearing and directly by irrgation. It results in the kiling of plants and renders the soil unusable, and it may also result in the rising salinity levels of water catchements.

To combat the problem of soil salinity, individual farmers, state and territory government agencies and local community groups are working together to stop the worsening of the problem. Two ways which are used to address the problem are pumping and draining of the land to lower the water tables and to plant deep rooted native vegetation. Much of the work done is co-ordinated by the National Landcare Probram. The measures taken effectively address the problem of soil salinisation, however, many of the solutions require large amounts of work and labur. Thus it is highly difficult to completely reverse the situation.

Water is used in almost every aspect of our lives, however, without proper management of our use and distribution of water supplies, many issues arise. One major problem is pollution - pesticides can kill aquatic plants, and run off containting fertilisers from farms can cause toxic algal blooms. Overuse of water can also result in a reduced river flow and the change of seasonal flows of rivers, especially in summer.

An exmaple of a water mangement project is the Snowy Mountain Scheme, in which water from the Snowy River catchment is used to produce hyrdroelectricity and is diverted to the Murray and Murrumbridge rivers for irrgation. However, these actions have caused adverse effects on the Snowy River, including reduced river flow, siltation, rising water tables, and the build up of dissolved salts in the river. It can be seen from this example that although the management of the Snowy River has resulted in many positive effects, it has also caused damage to the previous system.

In conclusion, Australians have caused major damage on the Australian environment through the misues and overuse of land and water. However, by working towards a goal of sustainable devlopment, many issues have now been addressed.

the only comment was "Fantastic" so yup, hopefully that can act as a guide. just in case this question (or a similar question) comes out in SC or trials.

waste management notes will be up later in the day! =]

pplz...very sorry if the notes suck but u can always use it as a guide..and yeh...so GOOD LUCK WIF STUDYING..

...cbb typing bout my life so yeh.

In 1915 Wegener hypothesised that 200 million years ago all continents were joined together and formed a landmass called Pangaea but separated due to “continental drift”

Mountain range was found in the mid-Atlantic Ocean; this mountain range is higher than on any of the continents and has a ridge down the middle containing rocks younger than samples away from the ridge. The water temperature was 8 times warmer than elsewhere - evidence led the plate tectonics theory

Plate tectonics theory:-
-Earth’s crust is composed of separate lithosphere plates which float on top of semi-solid rocks in the mantle
-Convection currents in the molten rock of the mantle force molten magma out of mid-ocean trenches forming mid-ocean ridges and eventually new land masses
-Ocean plates are composed of basalt that is denser and heavier than continental granite plates, so gravitational force cause them to slide under continental plates and melt into the mantle

Continental drift EVIDENCE
-Continents are still moving
-Continents fit together in complementary ways
-Similarities between rock and crystal structures at the edges of continents
-Fossil evidence suggest that marsupials originated from S. America and are now found in Australia
-Mesosausrus dinosaur fossils have been found in E. South America and W. South Africa
-Fossils of an ancient plant called Glossopteris have been found in 5 continents
-Closely related animals have been found on entirely different continents

4 ways which plates moves
-Plates can move apart in spreading zones which occur in mid-ocean ridges
-One plate can rise over the top of another at subduction zones, which occurs are the edges of some continents causing earthquakes and volcanoes
-Plates can push against one another in collision zones, creating mountains
-Plates can slide past each other in opposite directions creating fault zones, causing earthquakes

Measure of earthquake
-Seismogram measures vertical movements
-Focus is place inside earth where movement of rocks occur; epicentre is directly above focus
-Primary waves (Compression waves) - formed when matter in rocks is pushed together by earth’s movement; can travel through solids and liquids
-Secondary waves (Shear waves) - sideways motion of matter; can only travel through solid
-L waves (Surface waves) - causes earth to vibrate

Atom is the smallest particle of an element

Atomic number gives the number of protons in the nucleus

Molecule is a group of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together

Compound is made up of 2 or more elements combined in definite proportion by mass

Law of Conservation of Mass states that ‘total mass off substance does not change during a chemical reaction’

Metals and non-metals react to form ionic compounds. Metals give their outer shell electrons to non-metals so that both atoms end up with a stable outer shell of 8 electrons.

When metals lose their outer shell electrons they form POSITIVE ions (cations). When non-metals gain electrons they form NEGATIVE ions (anions). Cations and anions are electrostatically attracted and form ionic compounds.

Covalent compounds form when non-metals share electrons so that each atom has a full outer shell of electrons.

The valency on ions come from the number of electrons lost/gained in order to obtain a complete outer shell. These charges correspond to the group in which the element belongs in the periodic table.



COMBUSTION - substance reacts with oxygen and releases heat and sometime light
Sulfur + Oxygen = Sulfur dioxide
S + O2 = SO2

Magnesium + Oxygen = Magnesium oxide
2Mg + O2 = 2MgO



CORROSION - metals oxidised to surface compounds e.g. oxides, sulfides and carbonates
Iron + Oxygen + Water = Iron oxide + water

Silver + Sulfur = Silver sulfide



PRECIPITATION - 2 soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble product called precipitate.

Sodium chloride + silver nitrate = sodium nitrate + silver chloride



ACID ON METALS AND CARBONATE - acid + metal = salt + hydrogen

acid + carbonate = salt + CO2 + water

Sulphuric acid + zinc = zinc sulfate + hydrogen
H2SO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + H2

Hydrochloric acid + calcium carbonate = calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O



NEUTRALISATION - acid + base = salt + water
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide = sodium chloride + water
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O



DECOMPOSITION - substance absorbs enough energy for bonds to break

Mercury oxide -> mercury + Oxygen
2HgO -> Hg + O2

Copper carbonate -> copper oxide + carbon dioxide
CuCO3 -> CuO + CO2



BASE - metal + waster = metal hydroxide (BASE)

Wave: series of pulses travelling outwards from a source; transfer energy but not matter

Frequency: number of waves passing a certain point in a second; symbol for frequency is ‘f’ and unit is Hertz (Hz)

Velocity of wave: speed in which a wave travels through a substance

Sound:-
Travel through solid better than air, liquid, or gas
Needs enough vibration and energy to travel
High pitch means high frequency

Sound waves spread out from a point; particles need to vibrate for sound to be heard. The vibration of the air causes the ear drum to vibrate and the ability to hear sound. The closer the particles are, the faster and further sound travels and the less energy loss to surroundings. The

Loudness of sound depends on the amount of energy received each second; unit of sound: Decibels (DB)

Spectrum: colours that are continuous and blend into each other; result of something being refracted

Dispersion: splitting of white light into a spectrum of colours

Optic fibres: thin pure glass fibres which consists of inner glass core, outer glass cladding and protective jacket. Light travels through total internal reflection where light is repeatedly reflected.

The Law of Reflection states that light waves bounce off a surface at the same angle that they strike. Rays hitting at right angles to the surface bounce back. Rays hitting at an angle are reflected back at an angle equal to the incident angles, so that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

When light passes from one medium to another, it changes speed and bends relative to the normal. Bending of light is known as refraction. If it bends from a lower refraction index to a higher one, it slows down and bends towards the normal.

Electromagnetic spectrum:-
Made up of waves ranging from h. freq. to l. freq.
All travel at same speed known as speed of light
No medium is needed; can travel through empty space or vacuum
GAMMA: shortest wavelength - highest freq.
RADIO: longest wavelength - shortest freq.

Short sightedness can be corrected using convex lenses, whereas long sightedness is corrected by concave lenses.

Objects appear coloured because all components of white light are absorbed except the colour which is seen. For example, a leaf is green because green light is not absorbed by the leaf but it reflected back to the eye.

A gene is a hereditary unit and part of a chromosome which carries a single instruction for characteristic of living cells; therefore, chromosomes carry the inherited information and control cell functions. Genes essentially consist of DNA.

DNA is a genetic material and is located within chromosomes, which are in the nucleus of every cell. Every DNA consists of :
A phosphate group
A sugar, deoxyribose
A base - adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Replication of a DNA is when genetic material makes exact copies of itself; it occurs between cell divisions. It is said to be semi-conservative because when the 2 strands of the double helix separate, the strands are ‘zipped up’ by an enzyme, resulting in 2 new DNA molecules, each consisting of one ‘old’ strand and one ‘new’ strand. Replication of DNA requires proteins.

Proteins are vital substances because every organic chemical in a cell is either a protein or made by an enzyme, and enzymes can be proteins. The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Body cells are called somatic cells; which include the skin, liver, muscle, stomach and other body cells.

A mutation is a transmissible permanent change in DNA sequence. It can be an insertion or deletion of genetic information, or an alteration of the original genetic material.

Alleles are alternative genes; it can either be dominant or recessive.

Homologous - pair of chromosomes that are the same shape and size; one from each parent

Mitosis - part of growth and is concerned with the number of genetically identical cells; it results in no change in chromosome number. Mitosis occurs in:
Early human development (embryo): occurs throughout body by eventually get restricted by places e.g. bone marrow, skin, base of hair and nails
Multicellular organisms: repair and growth
Single celled organisms: sexual reproduction

Meiosis - only occurs in sex organs and results in change from diploid to haploid no. of chromosomes:-
Only occur in mature organisms
Produces gametes

Genotype - genetic composition of an individual

Phenotype - appearance/characteristic of an individual

Incomplete dominance
Homozygous blue bird mates with homozygous yellow bird (not dominant or recessive to each other)
Results in a mixture/blend of characteristics

Co - dominance
Gene A from one parent and gene B from the other (resulting blood type is AB)
Blood has features of both A type blood and B type blood and not a blend of the 2

Biotechnology - using technological facts and principles to create products and perform tasks for human beings

Cloning is the replication of an organism that is an exact genetic replica of another; for example, Dolly the Sheep was cloned from the breast cell of an ewe

Charles Darwin explored locations in S. hemisphere and made observations on plants, animals and fossils; he hypothesised that new species form from a common ancestor and developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He proposed the following:-
Natural variations occur within species
Characteristics of offspring that do not survive are removed from the popln.
Organisms that survive and reproduce adapt to environment
Variations are passed on to offspring and become more common

Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace published articles with similar findings. Lamrack suggested that evolution occurs when the enviro. acts on an organism and causes it to change. Darwin suggested that only the fittest (most suited to enviro.) can survive.

Example of evolution is seen in Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches; he hypothesised that they evolved from a common ancestor

Fossil record: provide evidence for evolution; Darwin noted how modern armadillos resemble fossils

Comparative anatomy: modern horses can be traced back through fossil record 60 million year ago ancestors. The forelimbs of unrelated vertebrates show how they developed from common ancestor.

Comparative embryology: embryos of some vertebrates have structures that may be remnants of evolutionary past.

Biogeographical evidence suggest common ancestor. There are 2 distinct birds found in the east and west coasts of Australia. They were once found throughout Australia but were geographically separated and evolved into different species.

sorry!! i don't think i can finish chapter 7 by today.
was out at church and then some ppl are coming over later for dinner
so yeah ><"

SORRY!!!!!!! ahh i feel bad

pansy if you don't mind can you do history? tytytytyty =]
cause i think diana's doing science, yup yup

jess and diana, i uhh really dont want to type up the geo notes. the book im copying off has like... round about 300 pages or more of font sized 11 [approx] paged notes. and well... it's torture.

so... use elaine's information and i'll add in some bits that she missed out.
not much i bet.

i'll do science and history and some other things i can find.

sorry lah. T_T

[x3]

...meh~

...so boring man...so annoying as well. farout wat's wrogn wif people these days. Don't they know wat it means when you tell them to "leave me alone." And they have no sense of respect for other people. Like right now someone is peeking over my shoulder and reading what i'm typing. Dude i noe the blog is gonna be on the net and every1 from all over the world is gonna read it. But srsly DON'T THE PEOPLE BEHIND ME SHOW A SENSE OF RESPECT?!

...srsly dis is like MY laptop and then they're like "i get to go on"...i'm like "laptop's mine...i get control over it..not U freak!"

School cert is already annoying enough...can't they just stop bothering me for 1 second...every 1 millisecond they're like "jess come here" - "jess do this do that"

-GIMME A BREAK-

SO FRIGGIN ANNOYING!

i wonder where jess gets all her depressing emo pictures from.
and even more, i wonder how much she has left, coz there's gonna be alot of depressing moments starting from next week to the rest of our lives!!
or at least till year 12.

[x3]

ok, i wont pick on jess anymore. or at least try to.

and you werent the last to kno about things... 0.o''

i recall telling you something, and you was the first one to kno. and then wat.?
you told grace!!! >=[

yeah that's right, the thing pris was mentioning, you already knew about it, except i forgot the other persons name, and i never told elaine anything about our "oath"
or at least i dont recall telling elaine anything about it.

yeah... get better soon.

[x3]

farout..doesn't Doug realise that we have heapz of hw and studying to do these days?

hehe elaine and pansy...diana and i did hypothetical, irony, and rhetorical questions...hehe

hm...i dun think he's gonna read ours out coz he usually picks on aleksa, sach and those ppl...4 got elaine (everlunde)...

...oh we got science test 2moz...O DEAR!

ok, fine jess, i'll type up the notes for geo for your sake.
i apologise to elaine, for producing such a crappy essay paragraph.
please forgive me, and you can kick me out of your group if you want, i totally understand.

[x3]

ok...neone...pansy, diana, elaine, ne other ppl. If any of u chicks decide to like type up the geo notes plz tell me and gimme a copy of it coz i'm scrood 4 geo coz we like never listen in class. and the book sucks. work doesn't go into my brain. brain's too small to cram everything into my brain in less than 2 weeks. if i don't pass, i'm gonna decide to take depressants and die. JKS. um...but srsly if neone decides to type up the friggin geo notes..plz inform me. Actually...i mite just jump off and start typing up the notes myself...but cbb rite now. HOG II in like 5 mins so yeh. er..having massive headache rite now and PANSY CHANGE UR HERBAL ESSENCE TO A FRUITTY SMELL! and stop laughing at me. I H8 u! lol. VERSING CHERRYBROOK 2MOZ..WHOO..O i nearly 4got! I HATE SCIENCE! ...english is gay and yeh..

ok.diana i bagz having the mini sharpie ...u noe the anorexic side...not the obese side. YA! and i'll continue to write gud eps. on stick notes HAHA.

SPEECH OF SILENCE RULZ


"Taste the bittersweet, breathe the love...
Read my mind between silence and sound"